Bulk motion of granular matter in an agitated cylindrical bed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experimental results are reported for the bulk motion induced in a bed of granular matter contained in a cylindrical pan with a flat bottom subjected to simultaneous vertical and horizontal vibrations. The motion in space of the moving pan is quantified. A number of distinct bulk dynamical modes are observed in which the particle bed adopts different shapes and motions. At the lowest pan excitation frequency omega , the bed forms a "heap," and rotates about the cylinder axis. As omega is increased, a more complex "toroidal" mode appears in which the bed takes the shape of a torus; in this mode, circulation occurs both about the cylinder axis, and also radially, with particles moving from the outer edge of the pan to the center on the top surface of the bed, and back to the outer edge along the pan bottom. At the highest omega , surface modulations ("surface waves" and "sectors") of the toroidal mode occur. The origin of this family of behavior in terms of the pan motion is discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".