Transition to Turbulence in Shear above the Tropopause
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Airborne measurements were conducted above the UK during May and June 2000 in order to investigate turbulence and mixing in the tropopause region. Measurements of temperature frequently exhibited a periodic series of ramps that resembled a sawtooth pattern. These repeating structures were only observed in or near patches of intense shear‐generated turbulence associated with the jet‐stream. In each observed case the temperature ramps had the same orientation with respect to the wind shear. The temperature increased gradually in the direction of the shear, dropped suddenly, and the pattern repeated with wavelengths of about 1 to 1.2 km. Numerical simulation was applied to demonstrate that the observed temperature ramps are a signature of growing Kelvin‐Helmholtz waves that are just beginning to overturn in transition to turbulence. The fluctuations in wind became increasingly three‐dimensional along the direction of the shear with coherent oscillations that are consistent with the shear‐aligned vortices found in laboratory experiments and numerical simulations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".