Neonatal Environment and Neuroendocrine Programming of the Peripheral Respiratory Control System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The carotid bodies are the main peripheral oxygen sensors involved in cardio-respiratory control under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The present review briefly describes carotid body function during normal development and then presents recent results showing how environmental factors affect the trajectory of these developmental processes. This review then focuses on data obtained from our laboratories, which emphasise the shortterm modulation and long-term consequences of perinatal stress such as premature deprivation of placental steroids and neonatal disruption of mother-infant interactions on carotid body development and function. Our current data suggest that disturbances related to early deprivation of placental steroids, as it occurs with premature delivery, disrupt respiratory chemoreflexes attributed mainly to chemoreceptor cells ability to respond to changes in oxygen levels during early life. Conversely, stress related to interference with normal mother-pup interactions during the neonatal period induces changes in carotid body function that persist well into adulthood. In both cases, changes in carotid body function are related (at least in part) to significant modification of dopaminergic neurotransmission within the carotid body as suggested by treatment-related changes in dopamine D2 receptor gene expression level. Together, these data suggest that these environmental factors predispose to the occurrence of respiratory disease associated with respiratory control dysfunction such as sleep-disordered breathing during infancy. Keywords: Carotid body, development, hypoxia, neurotransmitters, stress, steroids, plasticity
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".