Dispossession or Adaptation? Migration and Persistence of the Red River Metis, 1835‑1890
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The period from 1870 to 1890 saw the widespread dispersal of the Red River Metis. In the past historians have attributed this migration either to the inability of the Metis to adjust to settled society, or to the forced dispossession by the Canadian government. Both these views have some validity, but oversimplify the causes of the Metis emigration from Red River. An examination of the changing nature of the Metis family economy and the dynamics of migration show that the Metis movement out of Red River had begun well before 1870 and was a response to new economic opportunities. Changes in the Metis economy after 1850, changes that integrated the Red River Settlement into a wider capitalist economy, also divided Metis society on economic and occupational lines and affected the decision whether to emigrate or not. Thus the dispersal of the Metis was in some sense an adaptive and innovative response, one that had a different effect on the various Metis groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".