The photochemistry of <i>trans</i>-isohumulone, a bitter flavouring component of beer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Methanolic solutions of trans-isohumulone (2), a major bitter flavouring component in beer, were irradiated with UV light of 313 nm wavelength and yielded four primary products containing an enolized cyclic β-triketone moiety: cis-isohumulone (3), humulone (1), dehydro-isohumulone (7), and dehydro-humulinic acid (5). The last of these products results from loss of the 4-methyl-3-pentenoyl side chain of trans-isohumulone. Nine volatile products derived from this side chain were identified and quantitated. The identifications of all photoproducts were confirmed by independent preparation of authentic samples. No evidence of either intramolecular or intermolecular 2+2 cyclo-addition was observed. This work clarifies previous contradictory reports of the products of isohumulone photolysis and provides an example of unexpected photochemistry of an alkenyl-substituted enolized cyclic β-triketone.Key words: trans-isohumulone, photo-degradation, cyclic β-triketone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".