A Sociotechnical Systems Analysis of the Toronto Sars Outbreak
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In February 2003, an outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Toronto, Canada, resulted in 438 probable SARS cases, 44 deaths, and over 25,000 individuals quarantined. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not the predictions of Rasmussen's (1997) framework for risk management can explain how and why SARS was transmitted in Toronto. There are two propositions for this case study. First, multiple actions, decisions, and degrees of capability at all levels of the system are needed to explain how SARS was transmitted. Second, a lack of vertical integration between individuals and organizations explains why SARS was widely transmitted. Both propositions of this case study are supported by the data in the National Advisory Committee's report (Health Canada, 2003). Furthermore, almost all of the predictions made by Rasmussen's (1997) framework were confirmed by the events that transpired during SARS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".