Overexpression of HBK3, a class I KNOX homeobox gene, improves the development of Norway spruce (Picea abies) somatic embryos
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of HBK3, a spruce gene member of the class I KNOX family, during somatic embryogenesis, sense (HBK3-S) and antisense (HBK3-A) Norway spruce (Picea abies) lines were generated. Somatic embryos produced from these lines were then analysed at morphological and structural levels. Compared with control, differentiation of immature somatic embryos from pro-embryogenic masses (PEMs) was accelerated in lines overexpressing HBK3 (HBK3-S). Such immature embryos showed enlarged embryogenic heads and were able to produce fully developed cotyledonary embryos at higher frequency. Furthermore, HBK3-S embryos had enlarged shoot apical meristems (SAMs) and enlarged expression pattern of PgAGO, a molecular marker gene specific to meristematic cells. Lines in which HBK3 (HBK3-A) was down-regulated had reduced ability to produce immature somatic embryos from PEMs and were not able to complete the maturation processes. To assess the function of HBK3 in comparison with that of angiosperm KNOX genes, this gene was ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis plants. As observed for spruce, Arabidopsis embryos overexpressing HBK3 had enlarged meristems and enlarged expression pattern of SHOOTMERISTEMLESS, a SAM molecular marker gene. In addition, transformed embryos were able to germinate at a higher rate and the resulting plants showed a variety of phenotypic aberrations, including abnormal leaves and reduced apical dominance. Overall, these data confirm the importance of KNOTTED genes during development and reveal the participation of HBK3 in conifer embryogeny. Furthermore, the results show redundant functions of this gene during embryonic growth of spruce and Arabidopsis, but not during post-embryonic growth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".