Abstract A204: Flow cytometric assay of proteasome inhibition in whole blood.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: Two proteasome inhibitors are currently approved by the US FDA for the treatment of multiple myeloma: bortezomib and carfilzomib. Both drugs make a covalent bond with a Thr in the active site of the 20S catalytic β5 subunit. While the covalent bond is hydrolyzable in the case of bortezomib, its binding is characterized by a long residency time with a half-life of close to 2 hours. The current clinical surrogate assay measures the suppression of proteasome activity in pooled cell lysates from patients’ blood or tissue following the administration of inhibitor. As such, this assay depends upon the long residency time of current inhibitors. Second-generation proteasome inhibitors that are in development, such as ixazomib, have a much faster off-rate, making accurate measurement of inhibition in diluted cell lysates problematic. Our objective was to develop a surrogate proteasome assay for use in whole blood, without requiring cell lysis, thus preventing sample dilution. Methods: Whole-blood samples were pre-incubated with proteasome inhibitors for 1-2 hours at 37°C. Subsequently, samples were stimulated with LPS at 37°C, then fixed and permeabilized using PerFix-P (Beckman Coulter). Washed white blood cells were stained with IκBα-AF488 (Cell Signaling Technologies), CD45-KrO, and CD14-PC7 monoclonal antibodies (Beckman Coulter) and analyzed using a Gallios™ flow cytometer. Results and Discussion: During the classical activation of NF-κB signaling, the NF-κB inhibitor, IκBα, undergoes phosphorylation and ubiquitination, followed by rapid proteasomal degradation. Released NF-κB complexes can then translocate to the nucleus, where they initiate transcriptional activation. In this study, we analyzed the LPS-induced degradation of IκBα in whole-blood monocytes by flow cytometry. We found a 70-80% decrease in the median fluorescent intensity (MFI) of IκBα-AF488 after 10 min of LPS stimulation. The kinetic profile and magnitude of the MFI reduction were highly reproducible in whole-blood monocytes from healthy donors, as well as in a limited number of blood samples obtained from multiple-myeloma patients. The MFI reduction was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by different proteasome inhibitors, including bortezomib, carfilzomib, and MG132. To increase the specificity of the assay, ERK phosphorylation can also be monitored simultaneously within the same cells. ERK phosphorylation in whole-blood monocytes peaks at ∼10 min after LPS stimulation, and is caused by the release of TPL2 from its complex with p105 (unprocessed NF-κB1) following the proteasomal processing of p105 into p50. Because of this, ERK phosphorylation is also inhibited by proteasome inhibitors in a dose-dependent manner, similar to IκBα. This assay can be optimized for different cell types within whole blood by using different activators, although the kinetics of IκBα degradation varies. Conclusions: We have established a fast and convenient assay to measure proteasome activity and inhibition in whole blood leukocytes. This assay can be used for investigation of the PK/PD relationships of new-generation proteasome inhibitors with fast off-rates. Disclaimer: PerFix-P and Gallios™ are for research use only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):A204. Citation Format: Sergei Gulnik, T. Vincent Shankey, Lidice L. Lopez, David W. Hedley, Sue Chow. Flow cytometric assay of proteasome inhibition in whole blood. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A204.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".