Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines a development that emerged in the 1990s whereby parts of arms control treaties are applied provisionally pending the definitive entry into force of the instrument concerned, as foreseen in article 25 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Following a brief introduction to the technique of provisional application, an overview is provided of entry into force clauses of arms control treaties, whose principal requirement is ratification by some or even all signatories. The role of provisional application in the law of arms control is then considered in the light of the inherent sensitivity of the interim period between the conclusion and entry into force of arms control treaties. Various instances of provisional application are described with a view to clarifying the features of each provisional regime. The treaties concerned are the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, the Treaty on Open Skies, the Treaty on Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START II), the Ottawa Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-Personnel Mines, the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) and certain subsidiary arms control agreements. The related question of the international legal status of the preparatory commissions that preside over the provisional implementation of certain arms control treaties establishing new international organisations is also considered. Among the conclusions reached are that the provisional application of an arms control treaty may be a valuable confidence-building mechanism and that in certain situations the technique may contribute to the emergence of a new norm of customary international law.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.021 | 0.040 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.017 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".