MHz-rate ultrafast fiber laser for writing of optical waveguides in silica glasses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Direct waveguide writing with femtosecond lasers can be divided into two general categories based upon the type of lasers used: amplified systems that emit high pulse energy (>2 μJ) at low repetition rates (<250 kHz), and oscillators that produce low energy (<200 nJ) at high repetition rates (>1 MHz). In this presentation, we report on waveguide writing with a novel commercial femtosecond fiber laser system (IMRA, FCPA μJewel) that bridges the gap between these two regimes, providing sub-400 fs pulses with pulse energies of >2.5 μJ at 100 kHz and >150 nJ at 5 MHz. The laser repetition rate can be varied from 100 kHz to 5 MHz in 1 kHz increments through a computer controlled user interface. The ability to quickly and easily vary the repetition rate of this laser was critical in identifying and optimizing laser processing windows for different target glasses. An overview of laser processing windows and waveguide characteristics are presented for borosilicate and fused silica glasses exposed to fundamental (1045 nm) and second harmonic (522 nm) laser light.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".