MHz-rate ultrafast fiber laser for writing of optical waveguides in silica glasses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Direct waveguide writing with femtosecond lasers can be divided into two general categories based upon the type of lasers used: amplified systems that emit high pulse energy (>2 μJ) at low repetition rates (<250 kHz), and oscillators that produce low energy (<200 nJ) at high repetition rates (>1 MHz). In this presentation, we report on waveguide writing with a novel commercial femtosecond fiber laser system (IMRA, FCPA μJewel) that bridges the gap between these two regimes, providing sub-400 fs pulses with pulse energies of >2.5 μJ at 100 kHz and >150 nJ at 5 MHz. The laser repetition rate can be varied from 100 kHz to 5 MHz in 1 kHz increments through a computer controlled user interface. The ability to quickly and easily vary the repetition rate of this laser was critical in identifying and optimizing laser processing windows for different target glasses. An overview of laser processing windows and waveguide characteristics are presented for borosilicate and fused silica glasses exposed to fundamental (1045 nm) and second harmonic (522 nm) laser light.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".