Dendritic Cells Harbor Infectious Porcine CircovirusType 2 in the Absence of Apparent Cell Modulation or Replication of theVirus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play crucial roles in innate and adaptive immune responses, rendering them critical targets for virus infections. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with the development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in piglets. We demonstrate here that 80 to 90% of monocyte-derived and bone marrow-derived DCs interact with PCV2 similar to the early stages of an infection. There was no evidence for virus replication, but the virus did persist in DCs without loss of infectivity nor the induction of cell death. This could reflect an abortive infection, but there was no evidence of virus uncoating-the infectivity remained intact for at least 5 days. Alternatively, the results may reflect DC endocytosis of antigenic material. However, there was no modulation of DC surface major histocompatibility complex class I and class II, CD80/86, CD25, CD16, or CD14. Furthermore, infected DC did not transmit virus to syngeneic T lymphocytes, even when the latter were activated. Such coculture did not induce PCV2 replication or death of the lymphocytes or DCs. These results demonstrate that PCV2 can persist in DCs in the absence of virus replication or degradation. Such a silent virus infection presents a novel mechanism of not only immune evasion but also escaping the DC degradation pathway. Because of their migratory capacity, infection of DCs thus provides a potent vehicle for transport of the virus throughout the host without the need for replication. In addition, the lymphopenia seen in PMWS is not a direct effect of the virus on lymphocytes but would require additional events, as proposed by others.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".