Temporal trends and spatial patterns in the temperature and oxygen regimes in the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario, 1972–2008
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The temperature and oxygen regimes of the Bay of Quinte have been monitored, weekly or biweekly, in the open water season at a series of offshore index sites since 1972. Since 2001, temperature has been monitored in situ using loggers at both offshore and nearshore sites. This study was undertaken to assess the potential role of morphometry, climate, nutrient loading, and invasion by dreissenids in temporal trends and spatial patterns of temperature and oxygen regimes. The thermal regime was assessed using summer surface temperatures, Schmidt's vertical stability values, and vertical stratification characteristics. When the Quinte studies began taking measurements in the hypolimnion, deeper stations were attaining low oxygen levels by the end of summer, raising concerns that the cumulative impacts of eutrophication might lead to anoxia. The bottom oxygen regime at sites that stratified was assessed using the hypolimnetic warming rates and the apparent oxygen depletion rates one meter off the bottom. Quinte's maximum summer surface waters have warmed almost 1oC from 1972 to 2008 in line with climate warming. Nearshore sites in the shallow upper Bay have similar temperatures to offshore index sites while those in the lower Bay are warmer. The warming of surface waters has increased the maximum Schmidt's stability values at the deeper sites but thermocline depth or bottom temperatures have not changed. Hypolimnetic warming rates showed no temporal change but were inversely correlated with mean summer flow from the main river draining into the Bay. Oxygen depletion was variable but exhibited a downward trend in response to reduced phosphorus loading with neither climate warming nor the driessenid invasion having a detectable effect. Projected 21st C climate warming poses a threat to the Bay of Quinte ecosystem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".