Reduced Serum Glycodelin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-1 in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome during First Trimester of Pregnancy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with an increased rate of early pregnancy loss (EPL). Hyperinsulinemia is an independent risk factor for EPL and has been found to decrease levels of glycodelin and IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), two major endometrial proteins. We hypothesized that serum glycodelin IGFBP-1 concentrations would be reduced in women with PCOS during the first trimester of pregnancy. Fasting serum insulin, glycodelin, and IGFBP-1 were measured, and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed in 72 women with PCOS and 62 normal women. Each woman was seen once and assigned to one of three gestational groups: wk 3-5, 6-8, and 9-11. The insulin sensitivity index during oral glucose tolerance test was lower in women with PCOS compared with normal women throughout the first trimester (P < 0.0001). Both serum glycodelin and IGFBP-1 were markedly lower in women with PCOS (for glycodelin: wk 3-5, P < 0.0001; wk 6-8, P = 0.03; wk 9-11, P = 0.19; and for IGFBP-1: wk 3-5 and 6-8, P < 0.0001; wk 9-11, P = 0.0003). Comparing women with PCOS who experienced EPL with those who did not, serum glycodelin was significantly lower during wk 3-8 (P < 0.02) and serum IGFBP-1 during wk 9-11 (P = 0.003). During the first trimester, serum glycodelin and IGFBP-1 concentrations are markedly decreased in PCOS, implicating endometrial epithelial and stromal dysfunction during periimplantation and early pregnancy as a possible mechanism for EPL in PCOS. These decreases are likely to be secondary to hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin sensitivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".