Computational fluid dynamics validation and comparison analysis of scale‐up relationships of spouted beds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was attempted to investigate the hydrodynamic similarity of spouted beds of different sizes. The dimensionless scaling groups were derived by analysing the solid stress tensors with the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF). Results show that U ms , the minimum spouting velocity and the dimensionless spout diameter ( D s / D c ), become smaller with the increasing column diameter ( D c ) as the fluid flares out to the annulus immediately above the orifice, and the portion of fluid in the annulus region increases with the increasing column diameter. Importantly, we observed distinctive dissimilarity in the voidage profiles and dimensionless particle velocities in the upper part of spouted beds, especially for larger columns. New correlations on spout diameter and U ms were derived based on the scaling‐up analysis by regression of experimental data appeared in literatures for both small and large columns, which can greatly improve the predictions for spouted beds as compared with those previous equations, especially for large columns with deviations less than 15% for most of data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".