Pretreatment impacts on biopolymers in adjacent ultrafiltration plants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Full‐scale studies were conducted to determine the effects of the configuration or absence of pretreatment on membrane performance at two full‐scale ultrafiltration (UF) drinking water treatment plants sharing a common raw water source. One plant had no pretreatment before the membranes, and the other had ozone and biologically active carbon contactor pretreatment. At one point during this study, ozonation was out of service, and this presented an opportunity to compare ozone on/off scenarios. Ozone addition was observed to reduce biopolymer retention by UF membranes up to 23%. Although lower normalized flux (20°C) was associated with higher biopolymer retention by UF membranes, higher retention was found to not affect membrane permeability. Assimilable organic carbon was not a good surrogate for biopolymer removal by biofiltration. Variations in the raw water biopolymer fractions at both plants were associated with seasonal changes in temperature and potentially lakewide flow‐circulation patterns.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".