Inflammatory Cytokines and Reactive Oxygen Species as Mediators of Chronic Kidney Disease-Related Vascular Calcification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Vascular calcification, a regulated process in chronic kidney disease (CKD), requires vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation into osteoblast-like cells. This phenomenon can be enhanced by inflammatory cytokines and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In CKD rats with vascular calcification, we investigated whether inflammatory cytokines, ROS generation, and downstream signaling events are associated with CKD-related vascular calcification. METHODS: CKD was induced in male Wistar rats by renal mass ablation and vascular calcification was induced with a high calcium-phosphate diet and vitamin D supplementation (Ca/P/VitD). At week 3-6, hemodynamic parameters were determined and thoracic aorta was harvested for assessment of vascular calcification, macrophage infiltration, cytokines expression, VSMC differentiation, ROS generation, and related signaling pathway activation. RESULTS: CKD rats treated with Ca/P/VitD developed medial calcification of thoracic aorta and increased pulse pressure and aortic pulse wave velocity. VSMC differentiation was confirmed by increased bone morphogenetic protein-2 and osteocalcin expression and reduced α-smooth muscle actin expression. The expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor were also increased. The expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunits p22(phox) and p47(phox) were increased, whereas the expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD1, SOD2, Gpx1, and Prdx1) was reduced in CKD + Ca/P/VitD rats. Oxidized peroxiredoxin, a sensor of ROS generation, was significantly increased and ROS-sensitive signaling pathways were activated in the aorta from CKD + Ca/P/VitD rats. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a relationship between inflammation/ROS and arterial calcification in CKD and contributes to understanding of the complex pathways that mediate arterial calcification in CKD patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".