The influence of spatial variability in snowmelt and active layer thaw on hillslope drainage for an alpine tundra hillslope
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In alpine tundra, hillslope drainage occurs predominantly below the ground surface, between the relatively impermeable frost table and the water table above it. The saturated hydraulic conductivity decreases by two to three orders of magnitude between the ground surface and the top of the mineral substrate at 0·2–0·3 m depth. Consequently, the rate of sub‐surface conveyance from hillslopes strongly depends on the degree of active layer thaw. In addition, although rarely examined, the volume and timing of hillslope drainage and streamflow in alpine tundra are strongly influenced by the spatial pattern of active layer thaw in the runoff‐contributing hillslopes. The spatial and temporal pattern of soil thaw was modelled on a 25 535 m 2 area of interest (AOI) on a north‐facing alpine tundra hillslope in southern Yukon, Canada. Daily oblique photographs were used to pixilate the AOI and measure the snow cover depletion for the AOI. Transects of thaw depth through selected snow‐free patches within or adjacent to the AOI were used to provide spatial representation of thaw depth and saturated hydraulic conductivity. To compute thaw depth for each pixel within the AOI as it became snow‐free, a finite element geothermal model was driven from meteorological forcing and soil hydro‐thermal data. Daily maps of snow‐free area and thaw depth were generated for the AOI, which were then combined with information on flowpath tortuosity and depth‐integrated saturated hydraulic conductivity for snow‐free areas to provide a drainage rate for the AOI. This drainage rate varied with the spatial arrangement of the snowpack and soil thaw depth. At the beginning of melt, the lack of hydrological connectivity for the AOI inhibited drainage. The drainage rate was maximized during the mid‐melt period since sub‐surface connections among snow‐free patches were widespread, and the hydraulic conductivity of the sub‐surface flow zone was still relatively high, owing to shallow soil thaw depths. Drainage was low at the end of the melt period because the frost table was at a depth where the hydraulic conductivity was very low. The results of this study indicate that to accurately simulate runoff at the hillslope scale during snowmelt, both the spatial pattern of snowmelt and ground thaw should be considered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".