From Golden Straitjacket to Kevlar Vest: Canada's Transformation to a Security State
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. This article seeks to document and explain the form and pace of Canada's transformation to a security state. The manifestations of this transformation are seen in the major constitutional, bureaucratic, defensive, and border infrastructural changes that have taken place since 9/11 in an effort to give the Canadian state increased powers to protect its citizens from terrorism. The approach taken in explanation of these changes combines on an ontological level an appreciation for both material and ideational causal forces. This power-plus-ideas approach recognizes the material hierarchy in power capabilities between Canada and the United States as well as the ideational influence of the new transnational security paradigm as the significant causal forces behind the transformation of the Canadian state. It is argued that the material hierarchy in the relationship between Canada and the United States is the ultimate or underlying cause of the form of these changes, but that the ideational pull of the new transnational security paradigm must be factored into to the account of the rapid pace of such change. Résumé. Cet article cherche à documenter et expliquer le rythme et la forme des changements par lesquels s'est opérée la transformation du Canada en État sécuritaire. Les manifestations principales de cette transformation se sont concrétisées depuis le 11 septembre 2001 en réponse au terrorisme, afin de donner à l'État canadien les moyens de protéger ses citoyens. Les changements d'infrastructure observés touchent le domaine constitutionnel, la bureaucratie, la défense et les frontières. L'approche ontologique privilégiée dans le cadre de cet article reconnaît les forces matérielles et idéationnelles dans son explication causale. Une approche réconciliant la puissance et les idées prend en compte la hiérarchie des capacités matérielles qui caractérise la relation du Canada avec les États-Unis, ainsi que le pouvoir émergeant du paradigme sur la sécurité transnationale au niveau des idées. Ces deux aspects se retrouvent au centre du questionnement sur la transformation de l'État canadien. L'auteur avance que la hiérarchie matérielle entre le Canada et les États-Unis représente la cause ultime ou sous-jacente de la forme du changement, mais que la vigueur idéationnelle du nouveau paradigme de la sécurité transnationale demeure un facteur important dans l'évaluation du rythme de la transformation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".