Ultrasound-Assisted, Base-Catalyzed Oxidation of 4,6-Dimethyldibenzothiophene in a Biphasic Diesel−Acetonitrile System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
New stricter regulations are being imposed on diesel quality for sulfur content worldwide. Recalcitrant aromatic sulfur compounds such as 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) are resistant to removal by hydrodesulfurization, because of their low reactivity and sterically hindering structure. Oxidative desulfurization is one of the alternatives that are being investigated for this purpose. In this study, an oxidative system composed of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide was investigated in a biphasic system of diesel and acetonitrile. Ultrasonic methods were applied for the intensive mixing of the biphasic system. The effects of different operating conditions including temperature, amount of oxidant, and the base concentration were investigated. Reduction of the DMDBT content by >90% was achieved in the diesel samples. The activation energy of pseudo-first-order reaction for DMDBT was determined to be 57 kJ/mol.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".