Improving control of contamination from waste rock piles
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Waste rock piles are made of heterogeneous, coarse-grained rock extracted from mines to reach the ore. The internal structure of a pile has a major impact on water and oxygen movement and hence the production of acid mine drainage or contaminated neutral drainage. This paper illustrates potential avenues to minimise the infiltration of precipitation into the core zone of rock piles by applying a compacted layer on top of each bench, made of finer-grained non-reactive waste rock. Several configurations and characteristics (without and with cover, inclined and horizontal covers, varying hydrogeological properties of the cover material) are evaluated using the numerical three-dimensional fully integrated variably saturated flow model HydroGeoSphere. In these simulations of a single bench, the compacted layer is represented as being homogeneous and isotropic while the loose core waste rock zone is represented using two approaches: (i) the classic equivalent porous media approach and (ii) a medium with randomly generated fractures to represent the effect of macropores on water flow. Short (10 d) and longer-term (1 a) simulations have been conducted with recharge events based on historic observations. The results provide guidelines for the design of efficient compacted layers leading to an improved environmental response of waste rock piles.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it