Improving control of contamination from waste rock piles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Waste rock piles are made of heterogeneous, coarse-grained rock extracted from mines to reach the ore. The internal structure of a pile has a major impact on water and oxygen movement and hence the production of acid mine drainage or contaminated neutral drainage. This paper illustrates potential avenues to minimise the infiltration of precipitation into the core zone of rock piles by applying a compacted layer on top of each bench, made of finer-grained non-reactive waste rock. Several configurations and characteristics (without and with cover, inclined and horizontal covers, varying hydrogeological properties of the cover material) are evaluated using the numerical three-dimensional fully integrated variably saturated flow model HydroGeoSphere. In these simulations of a single bench, the compacted layer is represented as being homogeneous and isotropic while the loose core waste rock zone is represented using two approaches: (i) the classic equivalent porous media approach and (ii) a medium with randomly generated fractures to represent the effect of macropores on water flow. Short (10 d) and longer-term (1 a) simulations have been conducted with recharge events based on historic observations. The results provide guidelines for the design of efficient compacted layers leading to an improved environmental response of waste rock piles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".