A Deformable 3-D Facial Expression Model for Dynamic Human Emotional State Recognition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Automatic emotion recognition from facial expression is one of the most intensively researched topics in affective computing and human-computer interaction. However, it is well known that due to the lack of 3-D feature and dynamic analysis the functional aspect of affective computing is insufficient for natural interaction. In this paper, we present an automatic emotion recognition approach from video sequences based on a fiducial point controlled 3-D facial model. The facial region is first detected with local normalization in the input frames. The 26 fiducial points are then located on the facial region and tracked through the video sequences by multiple particle filters. Depending on the displacement of the fiducial points, they may be used as landmarked control points to synthesize the input emotional expressions on a generic mesh model. As a physics-based transformation, elastic body spline technology is introduced to the facial mesh to generate a smooth warp that reflects the control point correspondences. This also extracts the deformation feature from the realistic emotional expressions. Discriminative Isomap-based classification is used to embed the deformation feature into a low dimensional manifold that spans in an expression space with one neutral and six emotion class centers. The final decision is made by computing the nearest class center of the feature space.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".