Analysis of whistler mode sidebands of magnetospheric triggered emissions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Very low frequency (VLF) magnetospheric wave injection experiments performed at Siple Station, Antarctica and the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) in Gakona, Alaska show that magnetospherically amplified waves are often accompanied by bandwidth spreading and also discrete sidebands resulting from the nonlinear interactions with energetic electrons. Analysis of the sidebands provides access to several key parameters of the nonlinear interaction. While the amplitude of sidebands from the Siple Station experiment have been previously analyzed, the relative phase of the sidebands has received very little attention due in part to the high cost of digital spectral analysis in the 1970s and 1980s. Using recently digitized data from the Siple Station experiment, we analyze the sidebands of signals injected in Antarctica and received at the magnetic conjugate point in Lake Mistissini, Canada after ducted propagation and amplification. The data were originally recorded on magnetic tape in 1986. The sidebands are analyzed to determine the type of modulation with which they are generated. Some past work has suggested that the sidebands result from amplitude modulation that occurs during the saturation and associated amplitude oscillation of the main emission. At the same time, certain theories have suggested that sidebands should be generated by phase modulation of the nonlinear cyclotron current. It is shown that certain sideband events exhibit phase modulation of the main carrier. The results are interpreted in terms of theoretical formulations of a phase-space hole resulting from electron phase trapping in an inhomogeneous magnetized plasma. Under these formulations, the modulation results from oscillation of phase trapped electrons about the stable phase point.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".