Effect of ageing on wettability of quartz surfaces modified by Ar implantation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ion implantation is a powerful technique to modify the contact angles of surfaces. However, a change of the contact angle with the passage of time, called ageing, is observed on most surfaces. This paper aims to better understand the mechanism leading to the ageing of quartz surfaces implanted by argon ion. Coupons of quartz have been irradiated by 3 keV Ar ions to a fluence of 1.8 × 10 16 Ar cm −2 . Some implantations were performed under oxygen partial pressure (∼5 × 10 −5 Torr). The samples have been characterized at different periods of time after implantation by means of contact angle hysteresis measurements, angle resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) and lateral force microscopy (LFM). A more hydrophilic surface was observed immediately after implantation. This effect was strongly enhanced by the use of an O 2 partial pressure. With the passage of time, the contact angles increased both in ambient air as well as under an Ar atmosphere. Characterization by means of XPS has shown a decrease of the relative concentrations of the more polar molecules containing oxygen (C–O, C = O and (O–C = O)–O) which could partly explain the increase of the contact angles with time. On the other hand, a higher ratio of the signals SiO 2 (104 eV)/SiO 2 (103 eV) is observed for samples implanted with O 2 which could be responsible for their higher level of wettability. A model using the ARXPS measurements suggests that for the samples implanted without oxygen, the ageing could also be caused by the spreading of a natural carbonaceous surface layer dispersed into islands after the Ar implantation. This layer being more hydrophobic than the SiO 2 surface, its spreading would increase the contact angles. Characterization by means of AFM–LFM shows that the surface is composed of two areas having different friction properties. Their distribution is in agreement with the covered surface fraction given by the model for the samples implanted without oxygen and aged in Ar.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".