Effects of crosslinking in demulsifiers on their performance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Chemical demulsification is the most widely used method for breaking water‐in‐diluted bitumen emulsions in oil sands processing. In this work, the properties and performance of six ethylene oxide (EO)–propylene oxide (PO) demulsifiers from three families were investigated. The demulsifiers were characterised by their relative solubility number (RSN) and number of EO–PO branches. The results showed that the performance of the demulsifiers is correlated to the starting base compound, number of EO–PO branches, RSN, oil/water interfacial tension (IFT), increase of molecular weight (MW) by incorporation of crosslinks in EO–PO branches and yield stress of underflow. An increase in MW by the incorporation of crosslinks in EO–PO block copolymers decreased the RSN value while improved the dehydration efficiency. Dynamic IFT measurements revealed that the higher adsorption of EO–PO block copolymers at the oil/water interface on crosslinking, which resulted in higher dehydration efficiencies. The yield stress of the underflow increased on crosslinking the EO–PO block copolymers due to the release of more water and solids to the underflow, which increased the number of aggregates present in the underflow, resulting in increased immobility and constriction and higher yield stress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".