Nature and nurture in dormancy: dissolved oxygen, pH, and maternal investment impact Bythotrephes longimanus resting egg emergence and neonate condition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bythotrephes longimanus (Onychopoda: Cercopagidae), an invasive zooplankter in North America, requires suitable habitat to satisfy its planktonic and resting stages, which occupy the pelagia and sediment of lakes, respectively. Thousands of resting eggs from hundreds of planktonic mothers were exposed to laboratory conditions that mimicked gradients observed in lake sediment (dissolved oxygen = 1.4–11.9 mg·L–1; pH = 3–11). Eggs hatched in all treatments, which confirms the utility of dormancy and the robustness of the resting egg in B. longimanus. However, hatching success and neonate condition were greatest when dormancy conditions were maintained at near-saturated dissolved oxygen and near-neutral pH; deviations from these conditions resulted in prolonged development, smaller neonates, and the failure of many eggs to hatch. In addition to the influence of environmental conditions, heavier mothers produced larger eggs that hatched more frequently and resulted in heavier neonates. These maternal effects are likely due to greater energy investment by healthier mothers. This study suggests that nature and nurture influence dormancy success, and the results underscore that both life-cycle stages of B. longimanus need to be considered to understand its range expansion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".