Emissions of Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Dioxide
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Innovative management practices are required to increase the efficiency of N fertilizer usage and to reduce nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from agricultural soils. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of using conservation tillage and N fertilizer placement depth to reduce N 2 O and CO 2 emissions associated with corn ( Zea mays L.) production on clay loam soils in Eastern Canada. A 3‐yr field study was established on a wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐corn–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation with each phase of the rotation present every year. Investigations were focused on the corn phase of the rotation. The tillage treatments following winter wheat included fall moldboard plow tillage (15 cm depth), fall zone‐tillage (21 cm width, 15 cm depth), and no‐tillage. The N placement treatments were “shallow” placement of sidedress N (2‐cm depth) and “deep” placement of sidedress N (10‐cm depth). Nitrous oxide emissions were measured 53 times and CO 2 emissions were measured 43 times over three growing seasons using field‐based sampling chambers. There was a significant tillage and N placement interaction on N 2 O emissions. Averaged over all three tillage systems and site‐years, N 2 O emissions from shallow N placement (2.83 kg N ha −1 yr −1 ) were 26% lower than deep N placement (3.83 kg N ha −1 yr −1 ). The N 2 O emissions were similar among the tillage treatments when N was placed in the soil at a shallow depth. However, when N was placed deeper in the soil (10 cm), the 3‐yr average N 2 O emissions from zone‐tillage (2.98 kg N ha −1 yr −1 ) were 20% lower than from no‐tillage (3.71 kg N ha −1 yr −1 ) and 38% lower than those from moldboard plow tillage (4.81 kg N ha −1 yr −1 ). Tillage type and N placement depth did not affect CO 2 emissions (overall average = 5.80 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 ). Hence, zone‐tillage and shallow N placement depth reduced N 2 O emissions without affecting CO 2 emissions.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it