Structural changes of spores of tree fungal pathogens after treatment with the designed antimicrobial peptide D2A21
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In vitro effects of the antimicrobial synthetic D2A21 peptide on the structure of spores of four fungal pathogens causing important tree diseases were examined by microscopy in parallel with tests to measure inhibition of spore germination. With light microscopy, the use of SYTOX®green stain indicated that the peptide rapidly altered the plasma membrane of conidia of three Ascomycetes: Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerberg) Morelet var. abietina Petrini et al., Ophiostoma ulmi (Buism.) Nannf., and Nectria galligena Bres. With basidiospores of Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch., a difference between control and treated spores was also found, but it was less pronounced than with conidia of the Ascomycetes. In transmission electron microscopy, untreated conidia showed typical cytoplasmic contents with the regular presence of mitochondria, ribosomes, and nuclei, at times accompanied by vacuoles of various sizes. At concentrations of the peptide inhibitory to spore germination, plasma membranes, as well as nuclear and mitochondrial envelopes, were either generally difficult to discern or were distorted and swollen. At more advanced stages, the cytoplasm of treated spores contained numerous vesicles and was in places more electron-dense than in controls. Cytoplasm leakage was also regularly observed. Present observations strongly suggest that the primary site of action of this peptide is located at the plasma membrane level.Key words: Cronartium ribicola, Gremmeniella abietina, Nectria galligena, Ophiostoma ulmi, D2A21, peptide.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".