Respiratory muscle dynamics and control during exercise with externally imposed expiratory flow limitation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To determine how decreasing velocity of shortening (U) of expiratory muscles affects breathing during exercise, six normal men performed incremental exercise with externally imposed expiratory flow limitation (EFLe) at approximately 1 l/s. We measured volumes of chest wall, lung- and diaphragm-apposed rib cage (Vrc,p and Vrc,a, respectively), and abdomen (Vab) by optoelectronic plethysmography; esophageal, gastric, and transdiaphragmatic pressures (Pdi); and end-tidal CO2 concentration. From these, we calculated velocity of shortening and power (W) of diaphragm, rib cage, and abdominal muscles (di, rcm, ab, respectively). EFLe forced a decrease in Uab, which increased Pab and which lasted well into inspiration. This imposed a load, overcome by preinspiratory diaphragm contraction. Udi and inspiratory Urcm increased, reducing their ability to generate pressure. Pdi, Prcm, and Wab increased, indicating an increased central drive to all muscle groups secondary to hypercapnia, which developed in all subjects. These results suggest a vicious cycle in which EFLe decreases Uab, increasing Pab and exacerbating the hypercapnia, which increases central drive increasing Pab even more, leading to further CO2 retention, and so forth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".