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Record W2091109542 · doi:10.1021/ef050248f

Multiphase Structure of Bio-oils

2005· article· en· W2091109542 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueEnergy & Fuels · 2005
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicThermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
Canadian institutionsUniversité LavalService de Recherche et d'EXpertise en Transformation des Produits Forestiers
Fundersnot available
KeywordsDifferential scanning calorimetryChemical engineeringRheologyMaterials scienceCharSurface tensionPyrolysisEmulsionSoftwoodComposite materialChemistryOrganic chemistryThermodynamics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The multiphase complex structure of biomass pyrolysis oils can be attributed to the presence of char particles, waxy materials, aqueous droplets, droplets of different nature, and micelles formed of heavy compounds in a matrix of hollocellulose-derived compounds and water. Bio-oil complexity is illustrated by use of two oils produced from the vacuum pyrolysis of softwood bark residues (SWBR) and hardwood rich in fibers (HWRF). The effect of waxy materials on bio-oil behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy, and surface tension measurements as well as by steady and dynamic rheological techniques. At around 45 °C the melting of waxy materials occurs. Bio-oil cooling rate was found to have an important effect on some bio-oil rheological characteristics. This may be due to crystallization of waxy materials. Strain and frequency sweep tests proved the existence of a network (gel) structure in the bottom layer of oils derived from SWBR. This structure may be formed of relatively heavy oligomeric compounds that are associated in form of micelles. The observed network structure disappears above 60 °C. The HWRF-derived oil behaves much more like a Newtonian fluid.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.028
Threshold uncertainty score0.920

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.005
GPT teacher head0.196
Teacher spread0.191 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it