Bibliographic record
Abstract
Context. The multiple system β Scorpii consists of five components and two suspected members forming a total of seven stars. In the past, this system acquired much interest because of a series of occultation by the planet Jupiter and one of its satellites (Io). The study of this phenomena allowed us to ascertain the principal components of the system and the possible nature of each component.Aims. By using optical spectroscopy, we derive radial velocities, , , abundances , , and for β Sco C and E. We also refine previously published values of , , and of β Sco Aa + Ab to obtain a clear understanding of the evolutionary state of the β Sco system.Methods. We convert Doppler shifts in wavelength into radial velocities. Atmospheric parameters and abundances are computed by assuming the local thermodynamic equilibrium using model atmospheres and the spectral synthesis codes ATLAS and SYNTHE.Results. We solve the orbit of β Sco E and provide information about the motion of β Sco C. By fitting four Balmer lines, we determine that: K, , and K, . Rotational velocities are derived by modeling the profiles of metallic lines: km s-1 and km s-1. As for the abundances, we find that β Sco C is more or less of solar abundance, while β Sco Ea has a significant overabundance of manganese, followed by those of strontium, phosphorous, and titanium. The most underabundant element is magnesium, followed by silicon, aluminum, sulfur, iron, and nickel. Other light elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and neon, are found to be normal. From the derived values of luminosities and temperatures, we infer that these stars have an age of ≈ Myr. Conclusions. We explain the observed variability in velocity of β Sco E in terms of a close companion. Thus, we observe a triple system composed by β Sco C and β Sco Ea + Eb. While β Sco C is a normal star, β Sco Ea is probably a mercury-manganese (HgMn) star. The line-profile variability observed for β Sco C could be explained by assuming its membership to the class of slow pulsating B stars. According to the position of β Sco Ab in the HR diagram, we exclude the possibility that this star could be a β Cephei class pulsator.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".