X-ray photoemission electron microscopic study of transformed shear bands in AISI 4340 steel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Failures of structural materials under dynamic mechanical loading at high strain rates are commonly initiated by shear strain localisation along adiabatic shear bands, which act as preferential sites for crack initiation and propagation. We have used synchrotron based X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (XPEEM) to identify chemical elements and measure compositional contrast in the shear band in AISI 4340 steel. The high spatial resolution of XPEEM combined with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy is used to study the microstructural evolution in transformed shear bands that formed in quench hardened and tempered AISI 4340 steel under dynamic impact loading. We compared our XPEEM findings with other complementary techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to get a complete picture. As in the case of optical and scanning electron microscopy, XPEEM images show a featureless transformed band devoid of the martensite laths found in the parent metal. Interestingly, XPEEM images and corresponding Cr 2p→3d and Ni 2p→3d NEXAFS spectra confirms a compositional contrast in the transformed shear band that resulted in more nickel inside the shear band than in the adjacent region.Les défaillances des matériaux structuraux sous charge mécanique dynamique à des vitesses élevées de déformation sont communément initiées par la localisation de la déformation de cisaillement le long des bandes de cisaillement adiabatique, lesquelles agissent comme sites préférentiels pour l’amorçage et la propagation de fissure. Nous avons utilisé le synchrotron basé sur la spectromicroscopie d’électrons photo-excités par rayons X (XPEEM) pour identifier les éléments chimiques et pour mesurer le contraste de composition dans la bande de cisaillement de l’acier AISI 4340. La haute résolution spatiale par XPEEM, combinée avec la spectroscopie des structures fines d’absorption X proches du seuil (NEXAFS), est utilisée pour étudier l’évolution de microstructure dans les bandes de cisaillement transformées qui se forment dans l’acier AISI 4340 durci par trempe et revenu sous charge dynamique par impact. Nous avons comparé nos trouvailles par XPEEM à d’autres techniques complémentaires comme la spectroscopie aux rayons X à dispersion d’énergie et la microscopie électronique à balayage afin d’obtenir une image complète. Comme dans le cas de la microscopie optique et électronique à balayage, les images XPEEM montrent une bande transformée sans particularité et sans martensite massive trouvée dans le métal parent. Ce qui est intéressant, c’est que les images XPEEM et les spectres correspondants de NEXAFS Cr 2p →3d et Ni 2p →3d confirment un contraste de composition dans la bande de cisaillement transformée qui a pour résultat la présence de plus de nickel à l’intérieur de la bande de cisaillement que dans la région adjacente.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".