Long‐Term Manure Applications Impact on Irrigated Barley Forage Mineral Concentrations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Long‐term manure use near livestock feedlot operations can result in soil nutrient imbalances. We investigated the impact of continuous (37‐yr) and discontinued (30‐yr continuous + 7 yr without applications) manure applications on soil properties and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) yield and nutritive value under semiarid field conditions in southern Alberta, Canada. Feedlot cattle manure annual applications were 0, 60, 120, and 180 Mg ha –1 (wet weight) to an irrigated Chernozemic soil. After 37 yr, barley yields were not affected by manure applications, while forage crude protein (CP), NO 3 –N, P, K, and Zn concentrations increased ( P < 0.01). Forage Ca/P ratios decreased and K/(Ca + Mg) ratios increased with manure applications to critical levels of illness potential in ruminants. Discontinuing manure applications did not affect forage CP content; however, forage P and K concentrations declined ( P < 0.01) with decreases in soil P and K. This resulted in the return of forage Ca/P ratios within the recommended levels. Seven years after manure applications were discontinued, forage Zn concentrations were similar to concentrations from unmanured plots. Although forage nutrient balances for animal nutrition improved after manure applications were discontinued, soil nutrient recovery was small, and soil P, K, and Zn concentrations in the discontinued plots remained greater ( P < 0.01) than concentrations in the unmanured plots and well above those required for optimum crop growth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".