Reaction between sodium and selenium in Bridgman-grown CuInSe<inf>2</inf>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the fabrication of CIGS-based solar cells, the incorporation of sodium to increase performance is now standard practice. Because grain boundaries may play a role in the Na action, in this laboratory, studies have been made of the effects of introducing Na into a melt of composition CuInSe2+xto obtain Bridgman-grown monocrystals. It was found that if the added Na exceeds a critical value, [Na]crit, the resulting material changes from p- to n-type. The quantity [Na]critis almost proportional to x, the excess of Se over stoichiometry according to the formula [Na]crit= (2x+δ)/(1+2x+δ). This can be explained by the strong affinity of Na for Se to form Na2Se-like compounds, starving the ternary of Se to produce a Se-deficient and therefore n-type chalcopyrite. This conclusion is based on measurements of transport properties, along with XRD, SEM/EDX measurements. On the monocrystal surfaces, CuIn3Se5was detected by XPS.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".