A Search for Narrow Vertical Structures in the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Worms are defined to be dusty, atomic hydrogen (H I) structures that are observed in low-resolution data to rise perpendicular to the Galactic plane. Data from the 1' resolution Canadian Galactic Plane Survey (CGPS) were systematically searched for narrow vertical H I structures that could be resolved worms. Another motivation for the search was to explore the scenario in which mushroom-shaped worms such as GW 123.4-1.5, studied by English and collaborators, could be generated by a single supernova. However, no other vertical structures of mushroom-shape morphology were found. We also examined objects previously classified as worm candidates by Koo and collaborators; only seven have a significant portion of their structure falling in the CGPS range of l = 74°–147°, -3 5 < b < +5 5. Apart from GW 123.4-1.5, we could not confirm that any of these are coherent structures that extend toward the Milky Way's halo. However, a list of 10 narrow vertical structures found in our search is furnished; one structure is ≳500 pc tall, thus extending from the Galactic plane into the halo. We provide details about these narrow vertical structures, including comparisons between H I, radio continuum, IR, and CO observations. Our search was conducted by visual inspection, and we describe the limitations of this approach since it indicates that only six disk-halo features may exist throughout the Milky Way. We also discuss the possible origins of structures at high latitudes and the relationship between mushroom-shaped clouds and old supernova remnants.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".