Efficient Chemisorption of Organophosphorous Redox Probes on Indium Tin Oxide Surfaces under Mild Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report a mild and straightforward one-step chemical surface functionalization of indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes by redox-active molecules bearing an organophosphoryl anchoring group (i.e., alkyl phosphate or alkyl phosphonate group). The method takes advantage of simple passive adsorption in an aqueous solution at room temperature. We show that organophosphorus compounds can adsorb much more strongly and stably on an ITO surface than analogous redox-active molecules bearing a carboxylate or a boronate moiety. We provide evidence, through quantitative electrochemical characterization (i.e., by cyclic voltammetry) of the adsorbed organophosphoryl redox-active molecules, of the occurrence of three different adsorbate fractions on ITO, exhibiting different stabilities on the surface. Among these three fractions, one is observed to be strongly chemisorbed, exhibiting high stability and resistance to desorption/hydrolysis in a free-redox probe aqueous buffer. We attribute this remarkable stability to the formation of chemical bonds between the organophosphorus anchoring group and the metal oxide surface, likely occurring through a heterocondensation reaction in water. From XPS analysis, we also demonstrate that the surface coverage of the chemisorbed molecules is highly affected by the degree of surface hydroxylation, a parameter that can be tuned by simply preconditioning the freshly cleaned ITO surfaces in water. The lower the relative surface hydroxide density on ITO, the higher was the surface coverage of the chemisorbed species. This behavior is in line with a chemisorption mechanism involving coordination of a deprotonated phosphoryl oxygen atom to the non-hydroxylated acidic metal sites of ITO.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".