Stimulation of High-Temperature Sandstone Wells in Steam Drive and SAGD Areas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Steam drive and SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) are common methods of producing heavy oil in many areas of the world. Feedstock water is taken from a local water source, converted to steam and pumped down an injector well. The steam heats the fluids in the formation reducing the native bitumen viscosity allowing it to flow to a nearby producing well. This process has the potential to produce several damage scenarios including carbonate and/or silicate scales, asphaltene deposition or formation fines migration. A procedure has been developed to remove formation damage and provide matrix stimulation in the shallow, extremely high BHT (200°C), sandstone wells in producing Steam Drive and SAGD wells. The producer's wells covered in this paper are located in the heavy oil region of Bolney, which is northeast of Lloydminster, Alberta, Canada. In many cases, the horizontal section of the producing wells are completed using slotted liners consisting of alternating blank and slotted sections. The slotted liner helps prevent sand production and maintain wellbore integrity while still allowing fluid inflow to occur. In addition to the original liners, most of the Bolney producers had additional screens put inside the liners that provided a smaller slot size. This was done to help with fine sand production problems the field experienced after initial completion. This completion configuration presents challenges in stimulating the ‘behind’ pipe formation which also includes the space between the slotted liner and open hole and the near wellbore region. The acid treatment involves various pre-flush fluids and a unique retarded hydrofluoric acid system that results in the slow release of hydrofluoric acid in the formation to yield deep penetration into high temperature sandstone reservoirs. Not only is the reaction with fines and clays retarded, the retardation chemistry stabilize reaction products in spent acid to help control precipitation damage. Over a time period of five years, information from various analyses was obtained which confirmed some of the damage mechanisms that can be present in the producing wells. Two particular wells, which are presented in detail, have been treated on three occasions over these five years and on each treatment, a different volume of stimulation fluid and a separate application technique has been utilized. Each treatment produced a markedly different production profile. The production increase can be correlated to the treatment type and volume of fluid used. Presented in this paper is the evolution of the process where multiple wells where stimulated utilizing various treatment types and volumes and the resulting production analyzed to optimize the process.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".