Middle Turonian dinosaur paleoenvironments in the Upper Cretaceous Kaskapau Formation, northeast British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Kaskapau Formation is a mudstone-dominated wedge up to 950 m thick that spans late Cenomanian to middle Turonian time. The formation has a prominent wedge geometry and was deposited in the foredeep of the Western Canada Foreland Basin. In outcrop in northeast British Columbia, nearshore sandstones are locally well developed and include rare wedges of nonmarine strata. On Quality Creek, near Tumbler Ridge, 11 m of nonmarine strata contain abundant dinosaur tracks and the first in situ dinosaur bone reported from British Columbia. This site, at a paleolatitude of about 67°N, preserves a rare glimpse of Turonian terrestrial environments during global eustatic highstand. Three main dinosaur habitats are recognized: strandplain and beach-ridge; freshwater lake; and brackish lagoon. Back-beach sandstone has a relief of about 2.5 m, interpreted as beach ridges; sandy coals containing abundant dinosaur tracks represent inter-ridge slough deposits. Overlying lake deposits comprising laminated muds with freshwater molluscs grade up into rooted muddy siltstone and locally, dinoturbated sandstone. Lake deposits are capped by lagoonal mudstone with abundant brackish-water molluscs, locally including a dinosaur-trampled oyster bioherm. The upper parts of sandy lagoonal deltas are pervasively dinoturbated. Sandstone filling a tidal channel contains logs, oyster shells, and bones of dinosaurs, turtles, and crocodiles, as well as fish scales. The lagoonal succession is erosively overlain by offshore sandy mudstones. Various lines of evidence suggest that the mean annual temperature at this sea-level location was about 14 °C, with a cold-month mean no less than 5.5 °C. The high-latitude location implies a significant period of winter darkness, and correspondingly diminished plant productivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".