AFM‐Based Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy of Polymer Chains: Theoretical Models and Applications
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In recent years, remarkable advances in research of the mechanical and structural properties of single polymer chains have been achieved thanks to atomic force microscope (AFM)‐based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). This technique offers great possibilities to investigate the mechanical properties of a single polymer chain by static/dynamic force‐extension measurements at the mesoscale level. Data are analyzed with the help of appropriate theoretical models, such as statistical mechanics models for freely jointed chains (FJC) or worm‐like chains (WLC), which can well describe the moderate entropy‐controlled stretch of most polymers, and with semiclassical models, which are being modified using quantum mechanics principles to account for entropic and enthalpic contributions to stretching in the high‐force Hookean regime. In this article we review the theoretical models of single chain stretching, the latest progress in force‐extension measurements by static and dynamic AFM modes for polymer chains dispersed in different solvents and subjected to a force that may induce their conformational transformations, as well as relevant applications.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it