AFM‐Based Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy of Polymer Chains: Theoretical Models and Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years, remarkable advances in research of the mechanical and structural properties of single polymer chains have been achieved thanks to atomic force microscope (AFM)‐based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). This technique offers great possibilities to investigate the mechanical properties of a single polymer chain by static/dynamic force‐extension measurements at the mesoscale level. Data are analyzed with the help of appropriate theoretical models, such as statistical mechanics models for freely jointed chains (FJC) or worm‐like chains (WLC), which can well describe the moderate entropy‐controlled stretch of most polymers, and with semiclassical models, which are being modified using quantum mechanics principles to account for entropic and enthalpic contributions to stretching in the high‐force Hookean regime. In this article we review the theoretical models of single chain stretching, the latest progress in force‐extension measurements by static and dynamic AFM modes for polymer chains dispersed in different solvents and subjected to a force that may induce their conformational transformations, as well as relevant applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".