Compressible Subsonic Particle-Laden Flow over a Square Cylinder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Results are presented from simulations of transient vortex shedding in a particle-laden compressible flow over a square cylinder. The carrier phase is computed by solving the Navier-Stokes equations directly with a Chebyshev spectral element method. The dispersed phase is solved by a Lagrangian method, tracking the particles by way of the Basset-Boussinesq-Oseen equation. The coupling between the two phases is one way, that is, the volume fraction of the particles is assumed to be small so the effect of particles on the carrier phase is neglected. The results show that the main effect of the carrier-phase compressibility is the compression of the fluid in front of the cylinder and its expansion behind the cylinder. The particle phase shows the well-known focusing effect for high particle to fluid density ratios. For a lower density ratio, forces such as the pressure drag, virtual mass, Basset history, and Saffman lift tend to increase the dispersion. Compressibility effects are noticeable at low density ratios. In such situations, a lower deposition of the particles at the front of the square and a lower capture of the particles behind the square is observed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".