The Indirect Costs of Arthritis Resulting From Unemployment, Reduced Performance, and Occupational Changes While at Work
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the cost attributable to lost productivity from arthritis and the association between the degree of loss and demographic, disease-related, occupational, and psychosocial variables for people. METHODS: In a prospective study, 383 employed individuals with arthritis were recruited from southwestern Ontario, Canada. Respondents completed structured questionnaires assessing demographic, disease-related, workplace, and psychosocial variables as well as employment-related transitions at 2 time points 18 months apart. Indirect costs resulting from arthritis-related absences, reduced performance, decreased work hours, job change, and work disability were estimated. A proportional odds model was used to assess the impact of the various variables on lost productivity. RESULTS: The average cost attributable to arthritis was CAN Dollars 11,553(Dollars CAN = 0.75 Dollars US) per person per year. The largest component of the loss was the result of reduced performance at work, which accounted for 41% (Dollars 4724) of the total loss. This was followed by wage loss resulting from stopping working or changing jobs, which comprised 37% (Dollars 4309) of the total. Another 12% (Dollars 1398) and 10% (Dollars 1121) of the loss were the result of the decrease in hours of work and absenteeism, respectively. Four variables were associated with the productivity loss: greater symptom severity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.11), low or medium control over the work schedule (OR = 0.55 and 0.60, respectively), greater workspace limitation (OR = 1.10), and higher depression (OR = 1.04). CONCLUSIONS: Indirect arthritis-related costs are substantial. Our results show that not only the disease itself, but also psychosocial and work-related factors affect the magnitude of the costs.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it