FRACTAL GEOMETRY OF THE WAKE SHED BY A FLAPPING FILAMENT IN FLOWING SOAP-FILM
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, we illustrate the fractal nature of the wake shed by a periodically flapping filament. Such wake structure is a combination of primary vortex shedding resulting in the von Kármán vortex street, a series of concentrated vortex dipoles formed when the trailing edges of filaments reach their maximum amplitudes and small eddies form along the shear layer connected with the concentrated vortices due to the shear layer instability. The vortex dynamics of the flapping filament are visualized and imaged experimentally using a soap-film flow tunnel with a high-speed camera and a low pressure sodium lamp as a light source. The wake fractal geometry is measured using the standard box-counting method and it is shown that the fractal dimension of the soap pattern boundaries in the wake is D = 1.38 ± 0.05, which agrees well with those measured for fully developed turbulences and other shear flow phenomena. The invariant of the fractality in the wake induced by the flapping filament thus provides another illustration of the geometrical self-similarity and nonlinear dynamics of chaotic fluid flows.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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