Bibliographic record
Abstract
The 1971 San Fernando earthquake led to the failure and large displacement of the Lower San Fernando dam, which was constructed by the hydraulic filling method. Hydraulic filling has been condemned as producing liquefiable sand deposits, and in situ relative densities as large as 60% have been reported in the Lower San Fernando dam. On the other hand, laboratory element tests on loosest specimens of primarily quartz sands, pluviated through air or water (resembling the soil fabric produced by hydraulic filling) have been dilative, which brings into question the failure mechanism of the Lower San Fernando dam. In this paper, the behaviour of the dam during the 1971 earthquake is studied using the results of an improved sliding-block deformation analysis, which incorporates the shearing behaviour from ring shear tests of two sands with different mineralogies: quartz sand, and albite sand with some carbonates. The results indicate that sand particle composition and compressibility may have caused the failure and large displacement of the Lower San Fernando dam, even in a dense state (relative density ∼60%).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".