Bibliographic record
Abstract
The recent progress in long range sensor based on Brillouin scattering has been summarized, the limitation on sensing length, spatial resolution, different approaches to improve the limitation have been discussed. Two examples on frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time-division-multiplexing (TDM) to extend the sensing range of the distributed Brillouin sensor via BOTDA without inline amplifiers have been proposed and demonstrated. Using FDM concept we demonstrate a 75 km BOTDA with three types of 25 km fiber achieving a spatial resolution of 1.1 m and an accuracy of 1°C/20με at the end of 75 km, and a spatial resolution of 0.5 m and an accuracy of 0.7°C/14με at the end of 50 km. Using TDM technique, we demonstrate a 100 km sensing fiber of 0.6 m and 2 m spatial resolution at the end of 75 km, and at 100 km achieving a Brillouin frequency shift accuracy of 1.5 MHz, this is equivalent to 1.5°C temperature resolution and strain resolution of 30με, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".