Thermal behaviour of nitric acid dihydrate in 1:2 HNO<sub>3</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The liquid-solid phase transitions of 1:2 HNO 3 /H 2 O solutions were investigated in bulk samples. Two forms of nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) (denoted further NAD(I) and NAD(II)) can precipitate. After cooling down to 200 K, NAD(I) crystallizes and melts congruently at 238 K. On cooling down to 173 K, NAD(I) first crystallizes and a polymorphic form NAD(II) appears on heating at about 210 K, which is governed by a nucleation process at temperatures below 200 K. NAD(II) then transforms into nitric acid trihydrate at 235 K via a peritectic reaction. The existence of the two forms is confirmed by Raman studies. Our infrared experiments on bulk samples are in good agreement with those reported in the literature leading to the conclusion that the NAD(I) studied here is also observed in polar-stratospheric-cloud (PSC) particles. In stratospheric conditions, NAD(II) probably cannot freeze in the PSC particles. PACS Nos.: 64.70, 64.60, 61.10, 05.70
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".