The epidemiology of anal cancer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anal cancer comprises malignancies of the anal canal principally of two morphologic variants: squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma. In most settings, SCC compromises more than 70% of cases. In the general population, anal cancer is uncommon, with age-standardised incidence rates mostly between 1 and 2 per 100000 per year. However, incidence of anal SCC is increasing by 1-3% per year in developed country settings. High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types can be detected in 80-90% of all anal SCC cases, making it second only to cervical cancer in the closeness of its association with this virus. HPV-16 can be detected in ~90% of HPV-positive cases of anal SCC. Case-control studies have demonstrated that sexual risk factors (homosexuality in men and multiple sexual partners in women) are strongly associated with anal cancer risk. Other risk factors include immune deficiency and tobacco exposure. Anal cancer rates are highest in homosexual men, particularly in those who are HIV-positive, in whom anal cancer is among the most common of all cancers. Vaccination against HPV holds great promise for anal cancer prevention for those not already HPV-infected. For the current generation of adult high-risk populations, screening programs to allow early detection and treatment are under investigation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".