Prostate‐specific antigen relapse‐free survival in patients with localized prostate cancer treated by brachytherapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Brachytherapy has become a very popular way of treating prostate cancer worldwide, and increasing attempts are being made by radiation oncologists to find the exact type of patient for whom this treatment is the most suitable. One of the largest series has come from Leeds, and the authors present the PSA relapse‐free survival in 667 patients with localised prostate cancer treated by brachytherapy in their department. Authors from Canada report on the value of taking a repeat prostate biopsy after an initially negative one, but point out that the practice pattern of repeat biopsies is unknown. They decide what factors were important influences in deciding whether a patient would have a repeat biopsy, and particularly those factors which were helpful in predicting prostate cancer at the repeat biopsy. OBJECTIVE To report the clinical outcome after permanent implantation of 125 iodine seeds (brachytherapy) for early prostate cancer, after 8.2 years of follow‐up. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between March 1995 and December 2001, 667 men (mean age 63 years, range 42–77) were treated with brachytherapy at the one cancer centre; 346 (51.9%) had a short course of neoadjuvant hormone therapy. The prescribed minimum peripheral dose was 145 Gy. No patient received external beam radiation. RESULTS The median (range) follow‐up was 31 (18–98.2) months; 41 patients were lost to follow‐up. The actuarial biochemical relapse‐free survival was 74.9%; 100 patients had biochemical relapse (international definition). In all, 20 patients had clinical relapse, and 24 died (10 from prostate cancer). The prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) relapse‐free survival was 78.3%, 66.5% and 56.4% for patients with Gleason scores of <7, 7 and > 7, respectively, and was 81.4%, 69.8% and 36.3% for those with PSA levels of <10, 10–20 and > 20 ng/mL, respectively (both P < 0.001). There was a strong cohort effect depending on year of implant, with progressive annual improvements in relapse‐free survival ( P < 0.001). Hormone therapy, tumour stage, prostate volume before implantation, age and D90 dose had no significant effect on the outcome. CONCLUSION The overall relapse‐free survival for all patients was 75%; the initial PSA, Gleason score and risk group were significant factors predicting the outcome. Increasing clinical experience was associated with a better outcome but neoadjuvant hormone therapy had no effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".