Charge Resonance Enhanced Ionization of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>CO</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>Probed by Laser Coulomb Explosion Imaging
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The process by which a molecule in an intense laser field ionizes more efficiently as its bond length increases towards a critical distance ${R}_{c}$ is known as charge resonance enhanced ionization (CREI). We make a series of measurements of this process for ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$, by varying pulse duration from 7 to 200 fs, in order to identify the charge states and time scales involved. We find that for the $4+$ and higher charge states, 100 fs is the time scale required to reach the critical geometry $⟨{R}_{\mathrm{CO}}⟩\ensuremath{\approx}2.1\text{ }\text{ }\AA{}$ and $⟨{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{OCO}}⟩\ensuremath{\approx}163\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ (equilibrium ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ geometry is $⟨{R}_{\mathrm{CO}}⟩\ensuremath{\approx}1.16\text{ }\text{ }\AA{}$ and $⟨{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{OCO}}⟩\ensuremath{\approx}172\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$). The $\mathrm{CO}_{2}{}^{3+}$ molecule, however, appears always to begin dissociation from closer than 1.7 \AA{} indicating that dynamics on charge states lower than $3+$ is not sufficient to initiate CREI. Finally, we make quantum ab initio calculations of ionization rates for ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ and identify the electronic states responsible for CREI.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it