Quantitative voltage measurement of high-frequency internal integrated circuit signals by scanning probe microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article describes a scanning probe microscopy technique for quantitative high-speed voltage wave form measurement inside an operating integrated circuit. Internal signals are determined by sensing the local electrostatic force on a noncontacting micromachined probe cantilever that is closely positioned above the circuit test point. Amplitude modulation based downconversion is employed to measure repetitive high-frequency signals which can have a bandwidth much greater than the mechanical response of the probe. A force-nulling technique is used to obtain accurate absolute voltages without the need for complex calibration or precise probe positioning, and enables direct measurement of passivated circuits. A method of eliminating dc offset errors, such as that due to material work function differences, is described. Measurement of signals on the passivated interconnects of a wideband distributed amplifier is presented. The instrument demonstrates a voltage accuracy of <30 mV over a dynamic range of 2.5 V.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".