Resistance to quinclorac and ALS‐inhibitor herbicides in <i>Galium spurium</i> is conferred by two distinct genes
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Classical Mendelian experiments were conducted to determine the genetics and inheritance of quinclorac and acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibitor resistance in a biotype of Galium spurium . Plants were screened with the formulated product of either quinclorac or the ALS‐inhibitor, thifensulfuron, at the field dose of 125 or 6 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha −1 respectively. Segregation in the F 2 generation indicated that quinclorac resistance was a single, recessive nuclear trait, based on a 1 : 3 segregation ratio [resistant : susceptible (R : S)]. Resistance to ALS inhibitors was due to a single, dominant nuclear trait, segregating in the F 2 generation in a 3 : 1 ratio (R : S). The genetic models were confirmed by herbicide screens of F 1 and backcrosses between the F 1 and the S parent. F 2 plants that survived quinclorac treatment set seed and the resulting F 3 progeny were screened with either herbicide. Quinclorac‐treated F 3 plants segregated in a 1 : 0 ratio (R : S), hence F 2 progenitors were homozygous for quinclorac resistance. In contrast, F 3 progeny segregated into three ratios: 1 : 0, 3 : 1 and 0 : 1 (R : S) in response to ALS‐inhibitor treatment. This segregation pattern indicates that their F 2 parents were either homozygous or heterozygous for ALS‐inhibitor resistance. Therefore, there were clearly two distinct resistance mechanisms encoded by two genes that were not tightly linked as demonstrated by segregation patterns of the F 3 .
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it