Craftsworkers and Canada’s First Industrial Revolution: Reassessing the Context
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper shows that the most remarkable aspect of the far-reaching industrial development of Hamilton, Ontario by the early 1870s was that it was achieved largely through the adaptation and expansion of pre-existing structures of production firmly rooted in the traditional crafts world. The early industrialization of Hamilton was combined and uneven, but handicraft production stood in distinction to the enlarged manufactory. “Modern Industry,” in what limited form it may have existed at all, had yet to establish itself as a typical form of industrial enterprise. All this is not surprising, since almost all those men leading the industrialization of the city were themselves former artisans and craftsworkers intimately familiar with the techniques and possibilities of craft production. This paper delineates the structures of early industrialization to suggest the pressing need for historians to reconsider the potential for continuity of craftsworker experience during early industrialization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.043 | 0.031 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.016 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".